The Lipid Library

Literature Survey - Silver ion HPLC of Lipids

Since the development of stable silver ion HPLC columns, based on ion-exchange media, in the mid-80s this methodology has been making an important contribution to many aspects of lipid analysis. I can recommend two review articles on the topic cited below in full (Nikolova-Damyanova (1992), Dobson, Christie & Nikolova-Damyanova (1995) and Nikolova-Damyanova (2003)).

The following references, which cover the years from 1987 onwards, were collected as part of our regular literature reviews for our own research purposes. We cannot claim to have covered the subject exhaustively, but we have done our best. References are listed alphabetically by the first author of a paper, but not necessarily chronologically by that author.

• Adkisson,H.D., Risener,F.S., Zarrinkar,P.P., Walla,M.D., Christie,W.W. and Wuthier,R.E. Unique fatty acid composition of normal cartilage: discovery of high levels of n-9 eicosatrienoic acid and low levels of n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids. FASEB J., 5, 344-353 (1991).
• Adlof,R.O. Recent advances in silver-ion HPLC utilizing acetonitrile in hexane as solvent: temperature effects on lipid elution orders/resolution. In: Lipid Analysis and Lipidomics: New Techniques and Applications. pp. 175-190 (ed: M.M. Mossoba, J.K.G. Kramer, J.T. Brenna and R.E. McDonald, AOCS Press, Champaign, USA) (2006).
• Adlof,R.O. Analysis of triacylglycerol and fatty acid isomers by low-temperature silver-ion high performance liquid chromatography with acetonitrile in hexane as solvent: Limitations of the methodology. J. Chromatogr. A, 1148, 256-259 (2007).
• Adlof,R.O. Analysis of triacylglycerol positional isomers by silver ion HPLC. J. High Resolut. Chromatogr., 18, 105-107 (1995).
• Adlof,R.O. Separation of conjugated linoleic acid-containing mono-, di-and triacylglycerols by silver-ion high-performance liquid chromatography. Eur. J. Lipid Sci. Technol., 103, 614-617 (2001).
• Adlof,R.O. Separation of fatty acid methyl esters and triacylglycerols by Ag-HPLC: silver-ion and normal phase contributions to retention. In: New Techniques and Applications in Lipid Analysis, pp. 256-265 (edited by R.E. McDonald and M.M. Mossoba, AOCS Press, Champaign) (1997).
• Adlof,R.O. Application of silver ion chromatography to the separation of conjugated linoleic acid isomers. In: Advances in Conjugated Linoleic Acid Research, Volume 2., pp. 37-55 (edited by J.L. Sebedio, W.W. Christie & R.O. Adlof, AOCS Press, Champaign, IL.) (2003).
• Adlof,R.O. Separation of cis and trans fatty acid methyl esters by silver ion HPLC. J. Chromatogr. A, 659, 95-99 (1994).
• Adlof,R.O. Separation of conjugated linoleic acid methyl esters by silver-ion high performance liquid chromatography in semi-preparative mode. J. Chromatogr. A, 1033, 369-371 (2004).
• Adlof,R.O. Analysis of fatty acid monoacylglycerol and diacylglycerol positional isomers by silver ion high-performance liquid chromatography. J. Chromatogr. A, 741, 135-138 (1996).
• Adlof,R.O. Normal-phase separation effects with lipids on a silver ion high-performance liquid chromatography column. J. Chromatogr. A, 764, 337-340 (1997).
• Adlof,R.O. Fractionation of egg and soybean phosphatidylcholines by silver resin chromatography. J. Chromatogr. A, 538, 469-473 (1991).
• Adlof,R.O. and Emken,E.A. Silver ion high-performance liquid chromatographic separation of fatty acid methyl esters labeled with deuterium atoms on double bonds. J. Chromatogr. A, 685, 178-181 (1994).
• Adlof,R. and Lamm,T. Fractionation of cis-and trans-oleic, linoleic, and conjugated linoleic fatty acid methyl esters by silver ion high-performance liquid chromatography. J. Chromatogr. A, 799, 329-332 (1998).
• Adlof,R.O. and List,G.R. Synthesis and analysis of symmetrical and nonsymmetrical disaturated/monounsaturated triacylglycerols. J. Agric. Food Chem., 51, 2096-2099 (2003).
• Adlof,R.O. and List,G.R. Analysis of triglyceride isomers by silver-ion high-performance liquid chromatography - Effect of column temperature on retention times. J. Chromatogr. A, 1046, 109-113 (2004).
• Adlof,R.O., Copes,L.C. and Emken,E.A. Analysis of the monoenoic fatty acid distribution in hydrogenated vegetable oils by silver-ion high-performance liquid chromatography. J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc., 72, 571-574 (1995).
• Adlof,R.O., Copes,L.C. and Walter,E.L. Changes in conjugated linoleic acid composition within samples obtained from a single source. Lipids, 36, 315-317 (2001).
• Adlof,R.O., Menzel,A. and Dorovska-Taran,V. Analysis of conjugated linoleic acid-enriched triacylglycerol mixtures by isocratic silver-ion high-performance liquid chromatography. J. Chromatogr. A, 953, 293-297 (2002).
• Alvarez,J.G., Slomovic,B. and Ludmir,J. Analysis of dipalmitoyl phosphatidylcholine in amniotic fluid by high-performance liquid chromatography. J. Chromatogr. B, 690, 338-342 (1997).
• Andrikopoulos,N.K. Chromatographic and spectroscopic methods in the analysis of triacylglycerol species and regiospecific isomers of oils and fats. Crit. Rev. Food Sci. Nutr., 42, 473-505 (2002).
• Andrikopoulos,N.K. Triglyceride species compositions of common edible vegetable oils and methods used for their identification and quantification. Food Rev. Int., 18, 71-102 (2002).
• Baillet,A., Corbeau,L., Rafidison,P. and Ferrier,D. Separation of isomeric compounds by reversed-phase HPLC using Ag+ complexation - application to cis-trans fatty acid methyl esters and retinoic acid photoisomers. J. Chromatogr. A, 634, 251-256 (1993).
• Banni,S. and Martin,J.-C. Conjugated linoleic acid and metabolites. In: Trans Fatty Acids in Human Nutrition, pp. 261-302 (edited by J.L. Sebedio and W.W. Christie, Oily Press, Dundee) (1998).
• Bicanic,D., Mocnik,G., Franko,M., Niederlander,H.A.G., van de Bovenkamp,P. and Cozijnsen,J. Separation and direct detection of long chain fatty acids and their methyl esters by the non-aqueous reversed phase HPLC and silver ion chromatography, combined with CO laser pumped thermal lens spectrometry. Instrument. Sci. Technol., 34, 129-150 (2006).
• Blomberg,L.G. and Demibuker,M. Analysis of triacylglycerols by argentation supercritical fluid chromatography. In: 'Developments in the Analysis of Lipids', pp. 42-58 (edited by J.H.P. Tyman and M.H. Gordon, Royal Soc. Chem., Cambridge) (1994).
• Blomberg,L.G., Demirbuker,M. and Andersson,P.E. Argentation supercritical fluid chromatography for quantitative analysis of triacylglycerols. J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc., 70, 939-946 (1993).
• Brechany,E.Y. and Christie,W.W. Identification of the unsaturated oxo fatty acids in cheese. J. Dairy Res., 61, 111-115 (1994).
• Brechany,E.Y. and Christie,W.W. Identification of the saturated oxo fatty acids in cheese. J. Dairy Res., 59, 57-64 (1992).
• Bruhl,L., Schulte,E. and Thier,H.-P. Fractionation of triglycerides in human milk using argentation and reversed-phase HPLC with a light-scattering detector. Fat Sci. Technol., 95, 370-376 (1993).
• Bruhl,L., Schulte,E. and Thier,H.-P. Triglycerides with polyunsaturated fatty acids in human milk and in ingredients for infant formulas. Fat Sci. Technol., 96, 223-227 (1994).
• Bruhl,L., Schulte,E. and Thier,H.-P. Composition and structures of triglycerides of human milk and some base components for infant milk formulas. Fat Sci. Technol., 96, 147-154 (1994).
• Buchgraber,M. and Ulberth,F. Determination of trans octadecenoic acids by silver-ion chromatography-gas liquid chromatography: An intercomparison of methods. J. Ass. Off. Anal. Chem. Int., 84, 1490-1498 (2001).
• Cagniant,D. Argentation chromatography - applications to the determination of olefins, lipids, and heteroatomic compounds. In: 'Complexation Chromatography', pp. 149-195 (edited by D. Cagniant, Marcel Dekker, New York) (1992).
• Cao,Y., Gao,H.-L., Chen,J.-N., Chen,Z.-Y. and Yang,L. Identification and characterization of conjugated linolenic acid isomers by Ag+-HPLC and NMR. J. Agric. Food Chem., 54, 9004-9009 (2006).
• Chandler,I.C. Determining the regioselectivity of immobilized lipases in triacylglycerol acidolysis reactions. J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc., 78, 737-742 (2001).
• Chen,S.-H. and Chuang,Y.-J. Analysis of fatty acids by column liquid chromatography. Anal. Chim. Acta, 465, 145-155 (2002).
• Christie,W.W. The chromatographic analysis of lipids. In: 'The Lipid Handbook - 3rd edition', pp. 426-455 (edited by F.D. Gunstone, J.L. Harwood and A. Dijkstra, Chapman & Hall, London) (2007).
• Christie,W.W. A stable silver-loaded column for the separation of lipids by high-performance liquid chromatography. J. High Resolut. Chromatogr., Chromatogr. Commun., 10, 148-150 (1987).
• Christie,W.W. Separation of molecular species of triacylglycerols by HPLC with a silver ion column. J. Chromatogr. A, 454, 273-284 (1988).
• Christie,W.W. HPLC and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry in the analysis of fatty acids in 'Fats for the Future', pp. 335-344 (edited by R.C. Cambie, Ellis Horwood Ltd, Chichester). (1989).
• Christie,W.W. Some recent advances in the chromatographic analysis of lipids. Analusis, 26, M34-M40 (1998).
• Christie,W.W. Analysis of conjugated linoleic acid - an overview. In: Advances in Conjugated Linoleic Acid Research, Volume 2., pp. 1-12 (edited by J.L. Sebedio, W.W. Christie & R.O. Adlof, AOCS Press, Champaign, IL.) (2003).
• Christie,W.W. Detectors for high-performance liquid chromatography of lipids with special reference to evaporative light-scattering detection. In: 'Advances in Lipid Methodology - One' (edited by W.W. Christie, Oily Press, Ayr), pp. 239-271 (1992).
• Christie,W.W. Silver ion and chiral chromatography in the analysis of triacylglycerols. Prog. Lipid Res., 33, 9-18 (1994).
• Christie,W.W. Fractionation of the triacylglycerols of evening primrose oil by HPLC in the silver ion mode. Fat Sci. Technol., 93, 65-66 (1991).
• Christie,W.W. Recent developments in high-performance liquid and gas chromatography of lipids. Rev. Franc. Corps Gras, 38, 155-160 (1991).
• Christie,W.W. Structural analysis of fatty acids. In: Advances in Lipid Methodology - Four, pp. 119-169 (edited by W.W. Christie, Oily Press, Dundee) (1997).
• Christie,W.W. and Breckenridge,G.H.M. Separation of cis and trans isomers of unsaturated fatty acids by HPLC in the silver ion mode. J. Chromatogr. A, 469, 261-269 (1989).
• Christie,W.W. and Dobson,G. Formation of cyclic fatty acids during the frying process. Eur. J. Lipid Sci. Technol., 102, 515-520 (2000).
• Christie,W.W., Brechany,E.Y. and Shukla,V.K.S. Analysis of seed oils containing cyclopentenyl fatty acids by combined chromatographic procedures. Lipids, 24, 116-120 (1989).
• Christie,W.W., Brechany,E.Y. and Stefanov,K. Silver ion high-performance liquid chromatography and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry in the analysis of complex fatty acid mixtures: application to marine invertebrates. Chem. Phys. Lipids, 46, 127-136 (1988).
• Christie,W.W., Brechany,E.Y., Marekov,I.N., Stefanov,K.L. and Andreev,S.N. The fatty acids of the sponge Hymeniacidon sanguinea from the Black Sea. Comp. Biochem. Physiol. B, 109, 245-252 (1994).
• Christie,W.W., Brechany,E.Y., Sebedio,J.L. and Le Quere,J.L. Silver ion chromatography and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry in the structural analysis of cyclic monoenoic acids formed in frying oils. Chem. Phys. Lipids, 66, 143-153 (1993).
• Christie,W.W., Brechany,E.Y., Stefanov,K. and Popov,S. The fatty acids of the sponge Dysidea fragilis from the Black Sea. Lipids, 27, 640-644 (1992).
• Christie,W.W., Dobson,G. and Adlof,R.O. A practical guide to the isolation, analysis and identification of conjugated linoleic acid. Lipids, 42, 1073-1084 (2007).
• Christie,W.W., Sébédio,J.L. and Juanéda,P. A practical guide to the analysis of conjugated linoleic acid (CLA). INFORM, 12, 147-152 (2001).
• Corl,B.A., Baumgard,L.H., Griinari,J.M., Delmonte,P., Morehouse,K.M., Yuraweczc,M.P. and Bauman,D.E. Trans-7,cis-9 CLA is synthesized endogenously by delta(9)-desaturase in dairy cows. Lipids, 37, 681-688 (2002).
• Correa,R.A., Ferraz,V., Medvedovici,A., Sandra,P., Cerne,K. and David,F. Positional and configurational separation of fatty acid isomers by micro reversed-phase liquid chromatography with an Ag+-containing mobile phase. J. Chromatogr. A, 848, 83-93 (1999).
• Cossignani,L., Simonetti,M.S., Neri,A. and Damiani,P. Structural analysis of triacylglycerol fraction and some of its sub-fractions from an eicosapentaenoic acid docosahexaenoic acid dietary supplement. Z. Lebensm.-Unters. Forsch., 208, 203-207 (1999).
• Cross,R..F, Ostrowska,E., Muralitharan,H. and Dunshea,F.R. Mixed mode retention and the use of competing acid for the Ag+-HPLC analysis of underivatized conjugated linoleic acids. J. High Resolut. Chromatogr., 23, 317-323 (2000).
• Cross,R.F. and Widman,H.A. Ag+ HPLC of conjugated linoleic acids on a silica-based stationary phase. Part I: Introduction, experimental, and retention patterns. J. Sep. Sci., 25, 239-244 (2002).
• Cross,R.F. and Widman,H.A. Ag+ HPLC of conjugated linoleic acids on a silica-based stationary phase. Part II: Resolution and extrapolations. J. Sep. Sci., 25, 245-251 (2002).
• Cross,R.F. and Zackari,H. Ag+HPLC of conjugated linoleic acids on a silica-based stationary phase. Part IV: A reference stationary phase and retention mechanisms. J. Sep. Sci., 26, 480-488 (2003).
• Cross,R.F. and Zackari,H. Ag+HPLC of conjugated linoleic acids on a silica-based stationary phase. Part III: Model compounds. J. Sep. Sci., 25, 897-903 (2002).
• Cruz-Hernandez,C., Deng,Z.Y., Zhou,J.Q., Hill,A.R., Yurawecz,M.P., Delmonte,P., Mossoba,M.M., Dugan,M.E.R. and Kramer,J.K.G. Methods for analysis of conjugated linoleic acids and trans-18:1 isomers in dairy fats by using a combination of gas chromatography, silver-ion thin-layer chromatography/gas chromatography, and silver-ion liquid chromatography. J. Ass. Off. Anal. Chem. Int., 87, 545-562 (2004).
• Cvacka,J., Hovorka,O., Jiros,P., Kindl,J., Stransky,K. and Valterova,I. Analysis of triacylglycerols in fat body of bumblebees by chromatographic methods. J. Chromatogr. A, 1101, 226-237 (2006).
• Damiani,P., Cossignani,L., Simonetti,M.S., Blasi,F., Petrosino,T. and Neri,A. Identification of cocoa butter equivalents added to cocoa butter. III. Stereospecific analysis of triacylglycerol fraction and some its subfraction. Eur. Food Res. Technol., 223, 645-648 (2006).
• Damyanova,B., Momtchilova,S., Bakalova,S., Zuilhof,H., Christie,W.W. and Kaneti,J. Computational probes into the conceptual basis of silver ion chromatography: I. Silver(I) ion complexes of unsaturated fatty acids and esters. J. Mol. Struct. - THEOCHEM., 589-590, 239-249 (2002).
• de la Fuente,M.A., Luna.P. and Juarez,M. Chromatographic techniques to determine conjugated linoleic acid isomers. Trends Anal. Chem., 25, 917-926 (2006).
• Delmonte,P., Kramer,J.K.G. and Yurawecz,M.P. Analysis of trans-18:1 fatty acids by silver ion HPLC. In: Lipid Analysis and Lipidomics: New Techniques and Applications. pp. 191-203 (ed: M.M. Mossoba, J.K.G. Kramer, J.T. Brenna and R.E. McDonald, AOCS Press, Champaign, USA) (2006).
• Delmonte,P., Kataoka,A., Corl,B.A., Bauman,D.E. and Yurawecz,M.P. Relative retention order of all isomers of cis/trans conjugated linoleic acid FAME from the 6,8- to 13,15-positions using silver ion HPLC with two elution systems. Lipids, 40, 509-514 (2005).
• Delmonte,P., Roach,J.A.G., Mossoba,M.M., Morehouse,K.M., Lehmann,L. and Yurawecz,M.P. Synthesis and isolation of trans-7,cis-9 octadecadienoic acid and other CLA isomers by base conjugation of partially hydrogenated gamma-linolenic acid. Lipids, 38, 579-583 (2003).
• Delmonte,P., Yurawecz,M.P., Mossoba,M.M., Cruz-Hernandez,C. and Kramer,J.K.G. Improved identification of conjugated linoleic acid isomers using silver-ion HPLC separations. J. Ass. Off. Anal. Chem. Int., 87, 563-568 (2004).
• Demirbuker,M. and Blomberg,L.G. Separation of triacylglycerols by supercritical-fluid argentation chromatography. J. Chromatogr. A, 550, 765-769 (1991).
• Demirbuker,M. and Blomberg,L.G. Group separation of triacylglycerols on micropacked argentation columns using supercritical media as mobile phases. J. Chromatogr. Sci., 28, 67-72 (1990).
• Demirbuker,M., Blomberg,L.G., Olsson,N.U., Bergqvist,M., Herslof,B.G. and Jacobs,F.A. Characterization of triacylglycerols in the seeds of Aquilegia vulgaris by chromatographic and mass spectrometric methods. Lipids, 27, 436-441 (1992).
• Demirbuker,M., Hagglund,I. and Blomberg,L.G. Separation of lipids by packed fused silica capillary SFC: selectivity of some stationary phases. In:: 'Contemporary Lipid Analysis, 2nd Symposium Proceedings', pp. 30-47 (edited by N.U. Olsson & B.G. Herslof, LipidTeknik, Stockholm) (1992).
• Demirbuker,M., Hagglund,I. and Blomberg,L.G. Separation of unsaturated fatty acid methyl esters by packed capillary supercritical fluid chromatography - comparison of different column packings. J. Chromatogr. A, 605, 263-268 (1992).
• Dermaux,A., Medvedovici,A., Ksir,M., VanHove,E., Talbi,M. and Sandra,P. Elucidation of the triglycerides in fish oil by packed-column supercritical fluid chromatography fractionation followed by capillary electrochromatography and electrospray mass spectrometry. J. Microcolumn Sep., 11, 451-459 (1999).
• Destaillats,F., Golay,P.-A., Joffre,F., de Wispelaere,M., Hug,B., Giuffrida,., Fauconnot,L. and Dionisi,F. Comparison of available analytical methods to measure trans-octadecenoic acid isomeric profile and content by gas-liquid chromatography in milk fat. J. Chromatogr. A, 1145, 222-228 (2007).
• Dobson,G. and Sebedio,J.L. Monocyclic dienoic fatty acids formed from gamma-linolenic acid in heated evening primrose oil. Chem. Phys. Lipids, 97, 105-118 (1999).
• Dobson,G., Christie,W.W. and Nikolova-Damyanova,B. Silver ion chromatography of lipids and fatty acids. J. Chromatogr. B, 671, 197-222 (1995).
• Dobson,G., Christie,W.W. and Sebedio,J.L. The nature of cyclic fatty acids formed in heated vegetable oils. Grasas Aceites, 47, 26-33 (1996).
• Dobson,G., Christie,W.W. and Sebedio,J.L. Monocyclic saturated fatty acids formed from oleic acid in heated sunflower oils. Chem. Phys. Lipids, 82, 101-110 (1996).
• Dobson,G., Christie,W.W. and Sebedio,J.L. Saturated bicyclic fatty acids formed in heated sunflower oils. Chem. Phys. Lipids, 87, 137-147 (1997).
• Dobson,G., Christie,W.W., Brechany,E.Y., Sebedio,J.L. and Le Quere,J.L. Silver ion chromatography and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry in the structural analysis of cyclic dienoic fatty acids formed in frying oils. Chem. Phys. Lipids, 75, 171-182 (1995).
• Duchateau,G.S.M.J.E., Van Oosten,H.J. and Vasconcellos,M.A. Analysis of cis-fatty acid and trans-fatty acid isomers in hydrogenated and refined vegetable oils by capillary gas-liquid chromatography. J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc., 73, 275-282 (1996).
• Dugan,M.E.R., Kramer,J.K.G., Robertson,W.M., Meadus,W.J., Aldai,N. and Rolland,D.C. Comparing subcutaneous adipose tissue in beef and muskox with emphasis on trans 18:1 and conjugated linoleic acids. Lipids, 42, 509-518 (2007).
• Dugo,P., Favoino,O., Tranchida,P.Q., Dugo,G. and Mondello,L. Off-line coupling of non-aqueous reversed-phase and silver ion high-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry for the characterization of rice oil triacylglycerol positional isomers. J. Chromatogr. A, 1041, 135-142 (2004).
• Dugo,P., Kumm,T., Lo Presti,M., Chiofalo,B., Salimei,E., Fazio,A., Cotroneo,A. and Mondello,L. Determination of triacylglycerols in donkey milk by using high performance liquid chromatography coupled with atmospheric pressure chemical ionization mass spectrometry. J. Sep. Sci., 28, 1023-1030 (2005).
• Dugo,P., Kumm,T., Chiofalo,B., Cotroneo,A. and Mondello,L. Separation of triacylglycerols in a complex lipidic matrix by using comprehensive two-dimensional liquid chromatography coupled with atmospheric pressure chemical ionization mass spectrometric detection. J. Sep. Sci., 29, 1146-1154 (2006).
• Dugo,P., Kumm,T., Crupi,M.L., Cotroneo,A. and Mondello,L. Comprehensive two-dimensional liquid chromatography combined with mass spectrometric detection in the analyses of triacylglycerols in natural lipidic matrixes. J. Chromatogr. A, 1112, 269-275 (2006).
• Dugo,P., Kumm,T., Fazio,A., Dugo,G. and Mondello,L. Determination of beef tallow in lard through a multidimensional off-line non-aqueous reversed phase-argentation LC method coupled to mass spectrometry. J. Sep. Sci., 29, 567-575 (2006).
• Dunn,J.A., Holland,K.B. and Jezorek,J.R. Argentation liquid chromatography of polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons on a silver(I)-loaded mercaptopropyl silica gel stationary phase J. Chromatogr. A, 394, 375-381 (1987).
• Elfman-Borjesson,I, van den Hark,S. and Harrod,M. Gradients of n-heptane and acetonitrile in silver-ion high-performance liquid chromatography analyses of cis and trans bonds in lipids. J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc., 74, 1177-1180 (1997).
• Eulitz,K., Yurawecz,M.P., Sehat,N., Fritsche,J., Roach,J.A.G., Mossoba,M.M., Kramer,J.K.G., Adlof,R.O. and Ku,Y. Preparation, separation, and confirmation of the eight geometrical cis/trans conjugated linoleic acid isomers 8,10-through 11,13-18:2. Lipids, 34, 873-877 (1999).
• Evershed,R.P., Male,V. and Goad,L.J. Strategy for the analysis of steryl esters from plant and animal tissues. J. Chromatogr. A, 400, 187-205 (1987).
• Farkas,K., Noble,R.C. and Speake,B.K. Developmental changes in the levels of molecular species of triacylglycerol that contain docosahexaenoic acid in adipose tissue of the chick embryo. Comp. Biochem. Physiol. B, 115, 1-6 (1996).
• Fevrier,P., Binet,A., Dufosse,L., Gree,R. and Yvergnaux,F. Separation of glyceride positional isomers by silver ion chromatography. J. Chromatogr. A, 923, 53-57 (2001).
• Fournier,V., Juaneda,P., Destaillats,F., Dionisi,F., Lambelet,P., Sebedio,J.L. and Berdeaux,O. Analysis of eicosapentaenoic and docosahexaenoic acid geometrical isomers formed during fish oil deodorization. J. Chromatogr. A, 1129, 21-28 (2006).
• Friedel,H.D. and Matusch,R. Separation of non-polar sesquiterpene olefins from tolu balsam by HPLC: silver perchlorate impregnation of a prepacked preparative silica gel column. J. Chromatogr. A, 407, 343-348 (1987).
• Fritsche,J., Fritsche,S., Solomon,M.B., Mossoba,M.M., Yurawecz,M.P., Morehouse,K. and Ku,Y. Quantitative determination of conjugated linoleic acid isomers in beef fat. Eur. J. Lipid Sci. Technol., 102, 667-672 (2000).
• Fritsche,J., Mossoba,M.M., Yurawecz,M.P., Roach,J.A.G., Sehat,N., Ku,Y. and Steinhart,H. Conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) isomers in human adipose tissue. Z. Lebensm.-Unters. Forsch., 205, 415-418 (1997).
• Fritsche,J., Rickert,R., Steinhart,H., Yurawecz,M.P., Mossoba,M.M., Sehat,N., Roach,J.A.G., Kramer,J.K.G. and Ku,Y. Conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) isomers: formation, analysis, amounts in foods, and dietary intake. Fett-Lipid, 101, 272-276 (1999).
• Fritsche,J., Yurawecz,M..P, Pawlosky,R., Flanagan,V.P., Steinhart,H. and Ku,Y. Spectroscopic characterization of unusual conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) isomers. J. Sep. Sci., 24, 59-61 (2001).
• Han,J.J., Iwasaki,Y. and Yamane,T. Use of isopropanol as a modifier in a hexane-acetonitrile based mobile phase for the silver ion HPLC separation of positional isomers of triacylglycerols containing long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids. J. High Resolut. Chromatogr., 22, 357-361 (1999).
• Han,J.J., Iwasaki,Y. and Yamane,T. Monitoring of lipase-catalyzed transesterification between eicosapentaenoic acid ethyl ester and tricaprylin by silver ion high-performance liquid chromatography and high-temperature gas chromatography. J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc., 76, 31-39 (1999).
• Heron,S. and Tchapla,A. Comparison of the responses of triacylglycerols with an evaporative visible light scattering detector used in conventional, micro and capillary liquid chromatography. J. Chromatogr. A, 848, 95-104 (1999).
• Hierro,M.T.G., Robertson,G., Christie,W.W. and Joh,Y.-G. The fatty acid composition of the seeds of Ginkgo biloba. J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc., 73, 575-579 (1996).
• Higashidate,S., Yamauchi,Y. and Saito,M., Enrichment of eicosapentaenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid esters from esterified fish oil by programmed extraction - elution with supercritical carbon dioxide. J. Chromatogr. A, 515, 295-303 (1990).
• Hoving,E.B., Muskiet,F.A. and Christie,W.W. Separation of cholesterol esters by silver ion chromatography using HPLC or solid-phase extraction columns packed with a bonded sulphonic acid phase. J. Chromatogr. B, 565, 103-110 (1991).
• Igarashi,M. and Miyazawa,T. Preparation and fractionation of conjugated trienes from alpha-linolenic acid and their growth-inhibitory effects on human tumor cells and fibroblasts. Lipids, 40, 109-113 (2005).
• Imbs,A.B. and Rodkina,S.A. Trans and positional ethylenic bonds in two dominant isomers of eicosapentaenoic acid from the freshwater sponge Baicalospongia bacillifera. Lipids, 40, 963-968 (2005).
• Imbs,A.B. and Rodkina,S.A. Isolation of 2-methyl branched unsaturated very long fatty acids from marine sponge Halichondria panicea and identification of them by GC-MS and NMR. Chem. Phys. Lipids, 129, 173-181 (2004).
• Itabashi,Y., Myher,J.J. and Kuksis,A. High-performance liquid chromatographic resolution of reverse isomers of 1,2-diacyl-rac-glycerols as 3,5-dinitrophenylurethanes. J. Chromatogr. A, 893, 261-279 (2000).
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Updated: 1/3/2008 Credits/disclaimer	Scottish Crop Research Institute (and MRS Lipid Analysis Unit), Invergowrie, Dundee (DD2 5DA), Scotland