The Lipid Library

Literature Survey - Chromatographic Resolution of Chiral Lipids

The development of chiral stationary phases for HPLC together with the pioneering work of W.H. Pirkle and colleagues have revolutionized the resolution of chiral compounds in general. Lipid analysts have not been slow to exploit the technique.

The following references were collected as part of our regular literature reviews for our own research purposes. They cover the years 1990 onwards. For the earlier literature, I recommend my review, which is now available online at this site -

Christie, W.W. The chromatographic resolution of chiral lipids. In Advances in Lipid Methodology - One, pp. 121-148 (1992) (edited by W.W. Christie, Oily Press, Ayr).

I cannot claim to have covered the subject exhaustively here, but I have done my best. References are listed alphabetically by the first author of a paper, but not necessarily chronologically by that author.

• Adam,W., Boland,W., Hartmann-Schreier,J, Humpf,H.U., Lazarus,M., Saffert,A., Saha-Moller,C.R. and Schreier,P. alpha-Hydroxylation of carboxylic acids with molecular oxygen catalyzed by the alpha oxidase of peas (Pisum sativum): a novel biocatalytic synthesis of enantiomerically pure (R)-2-hydroxy acids. J. Am. Chem. Soc., 120, 11044-11048 (1998).
• Agren,J.J. and Kuksis,A. Analysis of diastereomeric DAG naphthylethylurethanes by normal-phase HPLC with on-line electrospray MS. Lipids, 37, 613-619 (2002).
• Agren,J.J., Ravandi,A., Kuksis,A. and Steiner,G. Structural and compositional changes in very low density lipoprotein triacylglycerols during basal lipolysis. Eur. J. Biochem., 269, 6223-6232 (2002).
• Akasaka,K. and Ohrui,H. Chiral discrimination of branched-chain fatty acids by reversed-phase HPLC after labeling with a chiral fluorescent conversion reagent. Biosci. Biotechn. Biochem., 68, 153-158 (2004).
• Akasaka,K. and Ohrui,H. Enantiomeric separation of branched fatty acids after conversion with trans-2-(2,3-anthracenedicarboximido)cyclohexanol, a highly sensitive chiral fluorescent conversion reagent. Biosci. Biotechn. Biochem., 63, 1209-1215 (1999).
• Akasaka,K., Imaizumi,K. and Ohrui,H. Enantiomeric separation of branched fatty acids having chiral centers remote from the carboxyl group by labelling with chiral fluorescent derivatization reagents. Enantiomer, 3, 169-174 (1998).
• Akasaka,K., Imaizumi,K. and Ohrui,H. Enantiomeric separation of branched fatty acids having chiral centers remote from the carboxyl group by derivatization with chiral fluorescent-labelling reagents. Bunseki Kagaku, 48, 1085-1094 (1999).
• Akasaka,K., Meguro,H. and Ohrui,H. Enantiomeric separation of carboxylic acids having chiral centers remote from the carboxyl group by labelling with a chiral fluorescent derivatization reagent. Tetrahedron Letts., 38, 6853-6856 (1997).
• Akasaka,K., Shichijyukari,S., Matsuoka,S., Murata,M., Meguro,H. and Ohrui,H. Absolute configuration of a ceramide with a novel branched-chain fatty acid isolated from the epiphytic dinoflagellate, Coolia monotis. Biosci. Biotechn. Biochem., 64, 1842-1846 (2000).
• Akasaka,K., Shichijyukari,S., Meguro,H. and Ohrui,H. Determination of the absolute configurations of the anteiso acid moieties of glycoglycerolipid S365A isolated from Corynebacterium aquaticum. Biosci. Biotechn. Biochem., 66, 1719-1722 (2002).
• Allenmark,S. and Ohlsson,A. Studies of the heterogeneity of a Candida cylindracea (rugosa) lipase: monitoring of esterolytic activity and enantioselectivity by chiral liquid chromatography. Biocatalysis, 6, 211-221 (1992).
• Ando,Y. and Kobayashi,S. Positional distribution of docosahexaenoic acid in triacyl-sn-glycerols of rotifers Brachionus plicatilis enriched with fish oil fatty acid ethyl esters. Aquaculture Res., 35, 1391-1394 (2004).
• Ando,Y. and Oomi,Y. Positional distribution of highly unsaturated fatty acids in triacyl-sn-glycerols of Artemia nauplii enriched with docosahexaenoic acid ethyl ester. Lipids, 36, 733-740 (2001).
• Ando,Y. and Takagi,T. Micro method for stereospecific analysis of triacyl-sn-glycerols by chiral-phase HPLC. J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc., 70, 1047-1049 (1993).
• Ando,Y., Nishimura,K., Aoyanagi,N. and Takagi,T. Stereospecific analysis of fish oil triacyl-sn-glycerols. J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc., 69, 417-424 (1992).
• Ando,Y., Ota,T., Matsuhira,Y. and Yazawa,K. Stereospecific analysis of triacyl-sn-glycerols in docosahexaenoic acid-rich fish oils. J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc., 73, 483-487 (1996).
• Ando,Y., Satake,M. and Takahashi,Y. Reinvestigation of positional distribution of fatty acids in docosahexaenoic acid-rich fish oil triacyl-sn-glycerols. Lipids, 35, 579-582 (2000).
• Ando,Y., Shimoyama,A. and Ota,T. Changes in positional distribution of fatty acids in dorsal muscle triacyl-sn-glycerols from chum salmon, Oncorhynchus keta, at spawning season. Comp. Biochem. Physiol. B, 113, 89-93 (1996).
• Andrikopoulos,N.K. Chromatographic and spectroscopic methods in the analysis of triacylglycerol species and regiospecific isomers of oils and fats. Crit. Rev. Food Sci. Nutr., 42, 473-505 (2002).
• Arsene,C. and Schulz,S. Cyclic chiral silyl derivatives for the determination of the absolute configuration of aliphatic diols by gas chromatography. Org. Letts, 4, 2869-2871 (2002).
• Azerad,R., Boucher,J.L., Dansette,P. and Delaforge,M. HPLC separation of 11-hydroxylauric acid enantiomers. Application to the determination of the stereochemistry of microsomal lauric acid (w-1)hydroxylation. J. Chromatogr. A, 498, 293-302 (1990).
• Baba,N., Tateno,K., Iwasa,J. and Oda,J. Lipase-catalysed kinetic resolution of racemic methyl 13-hydroperoxy-9Z,11E-octadecadienoate in an organic solvent. Agric. Biol. Chem., 54, 3349-3350 (1990).
• Baer,A.N., Costello,P.B. and Brash,F.A. Stereospecificity of the hydroxyeicosatetraenoic and hydroxyoctadecadienoic acids produced by cultured bovine endothelial cells. Biochim. Biophys. Acta, 1085, 45-52 (1991).
• Baer,A.N., Costello,P.B. and Green,F.A. Stereospecificity of the products of the fatty acid oxygenases derived from psoriatic scales. J. Lipid Res., 32, 341-347 (1991).
• Baer,A.N., Costello,P.B. and Green,F.A. Free and esterified 13(R,S)-hydroxyoctadecadienoic acids: principal oxygenase products in psoriatic skin scales. J. Lipid Res., 31, 125-130 (1990).
• Baer,A.N., Costello,P.B. and Green,F.A. Characterization of the chirality of the monohydroxyeicosatetraenoic acids produced by rat basophilic leukemia cells. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun., 169, 332-338 (1990).
• Batrakov,S.G., Nikitin,D.I., Sheichenko,V.I. and Ruzhitsky,A.O. A novel sulfonic-acid analogue of ceramide is the major extractable lipid of the gram-negative marine bacterium Cyclobacterium marinus WH. Biochim. Biophys. Acta, 1392, 79-91 (1998).
• Bayer,M., Mosandl,A. and Thaci,D. Improved enantioselective analysis of polyunsaturated hydroxy fatty acids in psoriatic skin scales using high-performance liquid chromatography. J. Chromatogr. B, 819, 323-328 (2005).
• Bednar,M.M., Gross,C.E., Balazy,M.K., Belosludtsev,Y., Colella,D.T., Falck,J.R. and Balazy,M. 6(R)-hydroxy-5,8,11,14-eicosatetraenoic acid, a new arachidonate metabolite in human polymorphonuclear leukocytes. Biochem. Pharmacol., 60, 447-455 (2000).
• Bezard,J.A. and Sempore,B.G. Structural analysis of peanut oil triacylglycerols. In: New Trends in Lipid and Lipoprotein Analyses, pp. 106-132 (ed. J.-L. Sebedio and E.G. Perkins, AOCS Press, Champaign, USA) (1995).
• Blee,E. and Schuber,F. Stereochemistry of the epoxygenation of fatty acids catalyzed by soybean peroxygenase. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun., 173, 1354-1360 (1990).
• Blee,E. and Schuber,F. Stereocontrolled hydrolysis of the linoleic acid monoepoxide regioisomers catalysed by soybean epoxide hydrolase. Eur. J. Biochem., 230, 229-234 (1995).
• Boukhchina,S., Gresti,J., Kallel,H. and Bezard,J. Stereospecific analysis of TAG from sunflower seed oil. J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc., 80, 5-8 (2003).
• Brash,A.R. and Hawkins,D.J. HPLC for chiral analysis of eicosenoids. Methods Enzymol., 187, 187-195 (1990).
• Brash,A.R., Boeglin,W.E., Capdevila,J.H., Yeola,S. and Blair,I.A. 7-HETE, 1O-HETE and 13-HETE are major products of NADPH-dependent arachidonic-acid metabolism in rat liver microsomes - analysis of their stereochemistry, and the stereochemistry of their acid-catalyzed rearrangement. Arch. Biochem. Biophys., 321, 485-492 (1995).
• Bringezu,F., Dobner,B., Stritzel,R., Elsner,B. and Nuhn,P. Preparative separation of the diastereomers of methyl branched-chain phosphatidylcholines. J. Chromatogr. A, 724, 367-372 (1996).
• Brodowsky,I.D. and Oliw,E.H. Metabolism of 18:2(n-6), 18:3(n-3), 20:4(n-6) and 20:5(n-3) by the fungus Gaeumannomyces graminis: identification of metabolites formed by 8-hydroxylation and by w2 and w3 oxygenation. Biochim. Biophys. Acta, 1124, 59-65 (1992).
• Brodowsky,I.D. and Oliw,E.H. Biosynthesis of 8-R-hydroperoxylinoleic acid by the fungus Laetisaria arvalis. Biochim. Biophys. Acta, 1168, 68-72 (1993).
• Brooks,C.J.W., Cole,W.J. and Anderson,R.A. Analytical GC separation of diastereomeric tert.-butylmethoxyphenylsilyl ethers. J. Chromatogr. A, 514, 305-308 (1990).
• Bugla,J., Wandzik,I. and Szeja,W. High-performance liquid chromatography separation of glycerol derivatives on a chiral stationary phase. Acta Chromatographica, 15, 173-182 (2005).
• Butovich,I.A., Lukyanova,S.M. and Bachmann,C. Dihydroxydocosahexaenoic acids of the neuroprotectin D family: synthesis, structure, and inhibition of human 5-lipoxygenase. J. Lipid Res., 47, 2462-2474 (2006).
• Camacho,P.L., Geiger,E., Vigh,G., Webster,R. and Thompson,D.H. Separation of the enantiomeric intermediates of some platelet-activating factor analogues on a naphthylalanine-type Pirkle column. J. Chromatogr. A, 506, 611-616 (1990).
• Capdevila,J.H., Dishman,E., Karara,A. and Falck,J.R. Cytochrome P450 arachidonic acid expoxygenase - stereochemical characterization of epoxyeicosatrienoic acids. Methods Enzymol., 206, 441-453 (1991).
• Capdevila,J.H., Wei,S., Kumar,A., Kobayashi,J., Snapper,J.R., Zeldin,D.C., Bhatt,R.K. and Falck,J.R. Resolution of dihydroxyeicosanoates and of dihydroxyeicosatrienoates by chiral phase chromatography. Anal. Biochem., 207, 236-240 (1992).
• Cardillo,R., Fronza,G., Fuganti,C., Grasselli,P., Mele,A., Pizzi,D., Allegrone,G., Barbeni,M. and Pisciotta,A. Stereochemistry of the microbial generation of delta-decanolide, gamma-dodecanolide, and gamma-nonanolide from C18 13-hydroxy, C18 10-hydroxy, and C19-14-hydroxy unsaturated fatty acids. J. Org. Chem., 56, 5237-5239 (1991).
• Carriere,F., Rogalska,E., Cudrey,C., Ferrato,F., Laugier,R. and Verger,R. In vivo and in vitro studies on the stereoselective hydrolysis of tri- and diglycerides by gastric and pancreatic lipases. Bioorg. Med. Chem., 5, 429-435 (1997).
• Chandler,I.C., Quinlan,P.T. and McNeill,G.P. Lipase-catalyzed synthesis of chiral triglycerides. J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc., 75, 1513-1518 (1998).
• Christie,W.W. Silver ion and chiral chromatography in the analysis of triacylglycerols. Prog. Lipid Res., 33, 9-18 (1994).
• Christie,W.W. Methods for stereospecific analysis of triacyl-sn-glycerols In: 'Contemporary Lipid Analysis, 2nd Symposium Proceedings', pp. 63-71 (edited by N.U. Olsson & B.G. Herslof, LipidTeknik, Stockholm) (1992).
• Christie,W.W. The chromatographic resolution of chiral lipids. In: 'Advances in Lipid Methodology - One' (edited by W.W. Christie, Oily Press, Ayr), pp. 121-148 (1992).
• Christie,W.W., Nikolova-Damyanova,B., Laakso,P. and Herslof,B. Stereospecific analysis of triacyl-sn-glycerols via resolution of diastereomeric diacylglycerol derivatives by HPLC on silica. J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc., 68, 695-701 (1991).
• Coffa,G., Imber,A.N., Maguire,B.C., Laxmikanthan,G., Schneider,C., Gaffney,B.J. and Brash,A.R. On the relationships of substrate orientation, hydrogen abstraction, and product stereochemistry in single and double dioxygenations by soybean lipoxygenase-1 and its Ala542Gly mutant. J. Biol. Chem., 280, 38756-38766 (2005).
• Cossignani,L., Luneia,R., Damiani,P., Simonetti,M.S., Riccieri,R. and Tiscornia,E. Analysis of isomeric diacylglycerolic classes to evaluate the quality of olive oil in relation to storage conditions. Eur. Food Res. Technol., 224, 379-383 (2007).
• Costantino,V., Fattorusso,E., Imperatore,C. and Mangoni,A. Glycolipids from sponges. 13.(1) clarhamnoside, the first rhamnosylated alpha-galactosylceramide from Agelas clathrodes. Improving spectral strategies for glycoconjugate structure determination. J. Org. Chem., 69, 1174-1179 (2004).
• Croes,K., Casteels,M., Dieuaide-Noubhani,M., Mannaerts,G.P. and Van Veldhoven,P.P. Stereochemistry of the alpha-oxidation of 3-methyl-branched fatty acids in rat liver. J. Lipid Res., 40, 601-609 (1999).
• Cryle,M.J. and De Voss,J.J. Facile determination of the absolute stereochemistry of hydroxy fatty acids by GC: application to the analysis of fatty acid oxidation by a P450(BM3) mutant. Tetrahedron-Asymmetry, 18, 547-551 (2007).
• Cryle,M.J., Matovic,N.J. and De Voss,J.J. The stereochemistry of fatty acid hydroxylation by cytochrome P450(BM3) . Tetrahedron Letts, 48, 133-136 (2007).
• D'Acquarica,I., Gasparrini,F., Misiti,D., Villani,C., Carotti,A., Cellamare,S. and Muck,S. Direct chromatographic resolution of carnitine and O-acylcarnitine enantiomers on a teicoplanin-bonded chiral stationary phase. J. Chromatogr. A, 857, 145-155 (1999).
• Damiani,P., Cossignani,L., Simonetti,M.S., Santinelli,F. and Monotti,M. Stereospecific analysis of triacylglycerols from vegetable oils by two procedures. 2. Normal and high-oleic sunflower oils. J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc., 74, 927-933 (1997).
• Deng,L., Nakano,H. and Iwasaki,Y. Direct separation of regioisomers and enantiomers of monoacylglycerols by tandem column high-performance liquid chromatography. J. Chromatogr. A, 1165, 93-99 (2007).
• Dimarzo,V., Ventriglia,M., Mollo,E., Mosca,M. and Cimino,G. Occurrence and biosynthesis of 11(R)-hydroxy-eicosatetraenoic acid (11-R-HETE) in the Caribbean soft coral Plexaurella dichotoma. Experientia, 52, 834-838 (1996).
• Engel,K-H, Albrecht,W. and Heidlas,J. Enantiodifferentiation of gamma- and delta-lactones by GC separation of diastereomeric carbamoyloxy carboxamide derivatives. J. Agric. Food Chem., 38, 244-247 (1990).
• Ferdinandusse,S., Rusch,H., van Lint,A.E.M., Dacremont,G., Wanders,R.J.A. and Vreken,P. Stereochemistry of the peroxisomal branched-chain fatty acid alpha- and beta-oxidation systems in patients suffering from different peroxisomal disorders. J. Lipid Res., 43, 438-444 (2002).
• Foglia,T.A. and Maeda,K. HPLC separation of enantiomeric alkyl glycerol ethers. Lipids, 26, 769-773 (1991).
• Foglia,T.A. and Maeda,K. HPLC separation of enantiomeric benzyl glycerides. Lipids, 27, 396-399 (1992).
• Fox,S.R., Akpinar,A., Prabhune,A.A., Friend,J. and Ratledge,C. The biosynthesis of oxylipins of linoleic and arachidonic acids by the sewage fungus Leptomitus lacteus, including the identification of 8R-hydroxy-9Z,12Z-octadecadienoic acid. Lipids, 35, 23-30 (2000).
• Gardner,H.W. Analysis of plant lipoxygenase metabolites. In: Advances in Lipid Methodology - Four, pp. 1-43 (edited by W.W. Christie, Oily Press, Dundee) (1997).
• Gardner,H.W. and, Hou,C.T. All (S) stereoconfiguration of 7,10-dihydroxy-8(E)-octadecenoic acid from bioconversion of oleic acid by Pseudomonas aeruginosa. J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc., 76, 1151-1156 (1999).
• Garscha,U. and Oliw,E.H. Steric analysis of 8-hydroxy- and 10-hydroxyoctadecadienoic acids and dihydroxyoctadecadienoic acids formed from 8R-hydroperoxyoctadecadienoic acid by hydroperoxide isomerases. Anal. Biochem., 367, 238-246 (2007).
• German,J.B. and Berger,R. Formation of 8,15-dihydroxy eicosatetraenoic acid via 15- and 12-lipoxygenases in fish gill. Lipids, 25, 849-853 (1990).
• Gradowska,W. and Larsson,L., Determination of absolute configuration of 2- and 3-hydroxy fatty acids in organic dust by GC-MS. J. Microb. Methods, 20, 55-67 (1994).
• Habel,A., Spiteller,D. and Boland,W. 1-Phenylethyl isocyanate is a powerful reagent for the chiral analysis of secondary alcohols and hydroxy fatty acids with remote stereogenic centres. J. Chromatogr. A, 1165, 182-190 (2007).
• Hamberg,M. New cyclopentenone fatty acids formed from linoleic and linolenic acids in potato. Lipids, 35, 353-363 (2000).
• Hamberg,M. Trihydroxyoctadecenoic acids in beer: qualitative and quantitative analysis. J. Agric. Food Chem., 39, 1568-1572 (1991).
• Hamberg,M. Regio- and stereochemical analysis of trihydroxyoctadecenoic acids derived from linoleic acid 9- and 13-hydroperoxides. Lipids, 26, 407-415 (1991).
• Hamberg,M. A method for the determination of the stereochemistry of alpha,beta-epoxy alcohols derived from fatty acid hydroperoxides. Lipids, 27, 1042-1046 (1992).
• Hamberg,M. and Hamberg,G. 15(R)-Hydroxylinoleic acid, an oxylipin from oat seeds. Phytochemistry, 42, 729-732 (1996).
• Hamberg,M., Gerwick,W.H. and Asen,P.A. Linoleic acid metabolism in the red alga Lithothamnion coralloides: biosynthesis of 11(R)-hydroxy-9(Z),12(Z)-octadecadienoic acid. Lipids, 27, 487-493 (1992).
• Han,B.N., McPhail,K.L., Ligresti,A., Di Marzo,V. and Gerwick,W.H. Semiplenamides A-G, fatty acid amides from a Papua New Guinea collection of the marine cyanobacterium Lyngbya semiplena. J. Nat. Prod., 66, 1364-1368 (2003).
• Harkewicz,R., Fahy,E., Andreyev,A. and Dennis,E.A. Arachidonate-derived dihomoprostaglandin production observed in endotoxin-stimulated macrophage-like cells. J. Biol. Chem., 282, 2899-2910 (2007).
• Harp,T.K. and Hammond,E.G. Stereospecific analysis of soybean triacylglycerols. Lipids, 33, 209-216 (1998).
• Hartmann,S., Besra,G.S., Fraser,J.L., Konig,W.A., Minnikin,D.E. and Ridell,M. Stereochemistry of 2,4-dimethyleicos-2-enoate from the pyruvylated glycolipid of Mycobacterium smegmatis. Biochim. Biophys. Acta, 1201, 339-344 (1994).
• Hashimoto,A. and Ichimoto,I., (S)-3-Acetyl-1,2-diacyl-sn-glycerols from the lipids of Drosicha corpulenta Kuwana (Homoptera: Margarodidae). Appl. Entomol. Zool., 25, 515-516 (1990).
• Hirota,T., Minato,K., Ishii,K., Nishimura,N. and Sato,T. HPLC determination of the enantiomers of carnitine and acetylcarnitine on a chiral stationary-phase. J. Chromatogr. A, 673, 37-43 (1994).
• Huang,L.S., Kim,M.R. and Sok,D.-E. Oxygenation of 1-docosahexaenoyl lysophosphatidylcholine by lipoxygenases; conjugated hydroperoxydiene and dihydroxytriene derivatives. Lipids, 42, 981-990 (2007).
• Hubke,H., Garbe,L.A. and Tressl,R. Characterization and quantification of free and esterified 9-and 13-hydroxyoctadecadienoic acids (HODE) in barley, germinating barley, and finished malt. J. Agric. Food Chem., 53, 1556-1562 (2005).
• Hurst,J.S., Balazy,M., Bazan,H.E.P. and Bazan,N.G. The epithelium, endothelium and stroma of the rat cornea generate (12S)-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid as the main lipoxygenase metabolite in response to injury. J. Biol. Chem., 266, 6726-6730 (1991).
• Ichikawa,A., Takahashi,H., Ooi,T. and Kusumi,T. Absolute configurations of some hydroxy-fatty acids produced by the insect genus Laccifer. Biosci. Biotechn. Biochem., 61, 881-883 (1997).
• Imaizumi,K., Terasima,H., Akasaka,K. and Ohrui,H. Highly potent chiral labeling reagents for the discrimination of chiral alcohols. Anal. Sci., 19, 1243-1249 (2003).
• Itabashi,Y. Chiral-phase HPLC resolution of enantiomeric diacylglycerol moieties of fish-oil triacylglycerols. Bunseki Kagaku, 48, 1145-1148 (1999).
• Itabashi,Y. and Kuksis,A. Reassessment of stereochemical configuration of natural phosphatidylglycerols by chiral-phase high-performance liquid chromatography and electrospray mass spectrometry. Anal. Biochem., 254, 49-56 (1997).
• Itabashi,Y., Fujishima,H. and Rina Sato,R. Chiral phase high-performance liquid chromatographic separation of enantiomeric 1,2- and 2,3-O-isopropylidene-sn-glycerols as 3,5-dinitrophenylurethanes. J. Oleo Sci., 53, 405-412 (2004).
• Itabashi,Y., Kawano,M., Aoyama,T. and Nakajima,T. Stereospecific analysis of gamma-linolenic acid-rich triacylglycerols by HPLC Bunseki Kagaku, 49, 375-380 (2000).
• Itabashi,Y., Kuksis,A. and Myher,J.J. Determination of molecular species of enantiomeric diacylglycerols by chiral phase HPLC and polar capillary GC. J. Lipid Res., 31, 2119-2126 (1990).
• Itabashi,Y., Kuksis,A., Marai,L. and Takagi,T. HPLC resolution of diacylglycerol moieties of natural triacylglycerols on a chiral phase consisting of bonded R-(+)-1-(1-naphthyl)-ethylamine. J. Lipid Res., 31, 1711-1717 (1990).
• Itabashi,Y., Marai,L. and Kuksis,A. Identification of natural diacylglycerols as the 3,5-dinitrophenylurethanes by chiral phase liquid chromatography with MS. Lipids, 26, 951-956 (1991).
• Itabashi,Y., Myher,J.J. and Kuksis,A. Determination of positional distribution of short-chain fatty acids in bovine milk fat on chiral columns. J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc., 70, 1177-1181 (1993).
• Itabashi,Y., Myher,J.J. and Kuksis,A. High-performance liquid chromatographic resolution of reverse isomers of 1,2-diacyl-rac-glycerols as 3,5-dinitrophenylurethanes. J. Chromatogr. A, 893, 261-279 (2000).
• Iwasaki,Y., Yasui,M., Ishikawa,T., Irimescu,R., Hata,K. and Yamane,T. Optical resolution of asymmetric triacylglycerols by chiral-phase high-performance liquid chromatography. J. Chromatogr. A, 905, 111-118 (2001).
• Jiao,Y., Yoshihara,T., Akimoto,M. and Ichihara,A. A new hydroxytetradecatrienoic acid and its glyceryl esters from Valsa ambiens. Phytochemistry, 38, 419-422 (1995).
• Jenske,R. and Vetter,W. Highly selective and sensitive gas chromatography-electron-capture negative-ion mass spectrometry method for the indirect enantioselective identification of 2-and 3-hydroxy fatty acids in food and biological samples. J. Chromatogr. A, 1146, 225-231 (2007).
• Jin,S.-J., Hoppel,C.L. and Tserng,K.-Y. Incomplete fatty acid oxidation. The production and epimerization of fatty acids. J. Biol. Chem., 267, 119-125 (1992).
• Johnson,J.A., Blackburn,M.L., Bull,A.W., Welsch,C.W. and Watson,J.T. Separation and quantitation of linoleic acid oxidation products in mammary gland tissue from mice fed low-and high-fat diets. Lipids, 32, 369-375 (1997).
• Jung,S. and Hollingsworth,R.I. Structures and stereochemistry of the very-long alpha,omega-bifunctional alkyl species in the membranes of Sarcina ventriculi indicate that they are formed by tail-to-tail coupling of normal fatty acids. J. Lipid Res., 35, 1932-1945 (1994).
• Karara,A., Dishman,E., Falck,J.R. and Capdevila,J.H. Endogenous epoxyeicosatrienoyl-phospholipids. A novel class of cellular glycerolipids containing epoxidized arachidonate moieties. J. Biol. Chem., 266, 7561-7569 (1991).
• Karara,A., Wei,S., Spady,D., Swift,L., Capdevila,J.H. and Falck,J.R. Arachidonic acid epoxygenase: structural characterization and quantification of epoxyeicosatrienostes in plasma. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun., 182, 1320-1325 (1992).
• Kaunzinger,A., Podebrad,F., Liske,R., Maas,B., Dietrich,A. and Mosandl,A. Stereochemical differentiation and simultaneous analysis of 3-hydroxyalkanoic, 4-hydroxyalkanoic, and 5-hydroxyalkanoic acids from biopolyesters by multidimensional gas chromatography. J. High Resolut. Chromatogr., 18, 49-53 (1995).
• Kaunzinger,A., Thomsen,M., Dietrich,A. and Mosandl,A. Stereodifferentiation and simultaneous analysis of 2-hydroxyalkanoic and 3-hydroxyalkanoic acids from biomembranes by multidimensional gas chromatography. J. High Resolut. Chromatogr., 18, 191-193 (1995).
• Kawahara,K., Sato,N., Tsuge,K. and Seto,Y. Confirmation of the anomeric structure of galacturonic acid in the galacturonosyl-ceramide of Sphingomonas yanoikuyae. Microbiol. Immunol., 50, 67-71 (2006).
• Kawamura,A., Berova,N., Dirsch,V., Mangoni,A., Nakanishi,K., Schwartz,G., Bielawska,A., Hannun,Y. and Kitagawa,I. Picomole scale stereochemical analysis of sphingosines and dihydrosphingosines. Bioorg. Med. Chem., 4, 1035-1043 (1996).
• Kawamura,A., Nakanishi,K. and Berova,N. Use of circular dichroism for assigning stereochemistry of sphingosine and other long-chain bases. Methods Enzymol. Sphingolipid Metabolism and Cell Signaling, Part B, 312, 217-227 (2000).
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