The Lipid Library

Literature Survey - Atmospheric-Pressure Chemical-Ionization Mass Spectrometry of Lipids

Atmospheric-pressure chemical-ionization (APCI) mass spectrometry is one of the mildest ionization techniques available, but is particularly effective linked to high-performance liquid chromatography, as it can tolerate relatively high solvent flow rates. It appears to give especially good results with non-polar lipids, such as triacylglycerols, but it does have wider applications than this. We have also included references  to atmospheric pressure-photoionization mass spectrometry here for convenience. Chemical-ionization methods for fatty acid structure determination are listed separately.

The following references were collected as part of our regular literature reviews for our own research purposes. We cannot claim to have covered the subject exhaustively, but we have done our best. References are listed alphabetically by the first author of a paper, but not necessarily chronologically by that author. New references may be added at irregular intervals - check the bottom of the page for when it was last updated.

• Adas,F., Picart,D., Berthou,F., Simon,B. and Amet,Y. Liquid chromatography mass spectrometry and gas chromatography mass spectrometry of omega-and (omega-1)-hydroxylated metabolites of elaidic and oleic acids in human and rat liver microsomes. J. Chromatogr. B, 714, 133-144 (1998).
• Banni,S., Contini,M.S., Angioni,E., Delana,M., Dessi,M.A., Melis,M.P., Carta,G. and Corongiu,F.P. A novel approach to study linoleic acid autoxidation: importance of simultaneous detection of the substrate and its derivative oxidation products. Free Rad. Res., 25, 43-53 (1996).
• Banni,S., Day,B.W., Evans,R.W., Corongiu,F.P. and Lombardi,B. Detection of conjugated diene isomers of linoleic acid in liver lipids of rats fed a choline-devoid diet indicates that the diet does not cause lipoperoxidation. J. Nutr. Biochem., 6, 281-289 (1995).
• Banni,S., Day,B.W., Evans,R.W., Corongui,F.P. and Lombardi,B. Liquid chromatographic-mass spectrometric analysis of conjugated diene fatty acids in a partially hydrogenated fat. J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc., 71, 1321-1325 (1994).
• Beermann,C., Winterling,N., Green,A., Möbius,M., Schmitt,J.J. and Boehm,G. Comparison of the structures of triacylglycerols from native and transgenic medium-chain fatty acid-enriched rape seed oil by liquid chromatography-atmospheric pressure chemical ionization ion-trap mass spectrometry (LC-APCI-ITMS). Lipids, 42, 383-394 (2007).
• Breithaupt,D.E. Identification and quantification of astaxanthin esters in shrimp (Pandalus borealis) and in a microalga (Haematococcus pluvialis) by liquid chromatography mass spectrometry using negative ion atmospheric pressure chemical ionization. J. Agric. Food Chem., 52, 3870-3875 (2004).
• Breithaupt,D.E., Wirt,U. and Bamedi,A. Differentiation between lutein monoester regioisomers and detection of lutein diesters from marigold flowers (Tagetes erecta L.) and several fruits by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. J. Agric. Food Chem., 50, 66-70 (2002).
• Butovich,I.A. On the lipid composition of human meibum and tears: Comparative analysis of nonpolar lipids. Invest. Ophthalmol. Visual Sci., 49, 3779-3789 (2008).
• Butovich,I.A. Cholesteryl esters as a depot for very long chain fatty acids in human meibum. J. Lipid Res., 50, 501-513 (2009).
• Butovich,I.A., Uchiyama,E., Di Pascuale,M.A. and McCulley,J.P. Liquid chromatography-mass spectrometric analysis of lipids present in human meibomian gland secretions. Lipids, 42, 765-776 (2007).
• Butovich,I.A., Uchiyama,E. and McCulley,J.P. Lipids of human meibum: mass-spectrometric analysis and structural elucidation. J. Lipid Res., 48, 2220-2235 (2007).
• Byrdwell,W.C. APCI-MS for lipid analysis. INFORM, 9, 986-997 (1998).
• Byrdwell,W.C. Dual parallel liquid chromatography with dual mass spectrometry (LC2/MS2) for a total lipid analysis. Frontiers Biosci., 13, 100-120 (2008).
• Byrdwell,W.C. Dual parallel mass spectrometers for analysis of sphingolipid, glycerophospholipid and plasmalogen molecular species. Rapid Commun. Mass Spectrom., 12, 256-272 (1998).
• Byrdwell,W.C. Atmospheric pressure chemical ionization mass spectrometry for analysis of lipids. Lipids, 36, 327-346 (2001).
• Byrdwell,W.C. APCI-MS in lipid analysis. In: Advances in Lipid Methodology - Five, pp. 171-253 (ed. R.O. Adlof, Oily Press, Bridgwater) (2003).
• Byrdwell,W.C. Dual parallel liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry for lipid analysis. In 'Modern Methods for Lipid Analysis by Liquid Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry and Related Techniques' (Ed. W.C. Byrdwell, AOCS Press, Champaign), pp. 510-576 (2005).
• Byrdwell,W.C. The bottom-up solution to the triacylglycerol lipidome using atmospheric pressure chemical ionization mass spectrometry. Lipids, 40, 383-417 (2005).
• Byrdwell,W.C. Qualitative and quantitative analysis of triacylglycerols by atmospheric pressure ionization (APCI and ESI) mass spectrometry techniques. In 'Modern Methods for Lipid Analysis by Liquid Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry and Related Techniques' (Ed. W.C. Byrdwell, AOCS Press, Champaign), pp. 298-412 (2005).
• Byrdwell,W.C. Atmospheric pressure ionization techniques in modern lipid analysis. In 'Modern Methods for Lipid Analysis by Liquid Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry and Related Techniques' (Ed. W.C. Byrdwell, AOCS Press, Champaign), pp. 1-18 (2005).
• Byrdwell,W.C. and Borchman,D. Liquid chromatography-mass spectrometric characterization of sphingomyelin and dihydrosphingomyelin of human lens membranes. Ophthalmic Res., 29, 191-206 (1997).
• Byrdwell,W.C. and Emken,E.A. Analysis of triglycerides using atmospheric-pressure chemical-ionization mass spectrometry. Lipids, 30, 173-175 (1995).
• Byrdwell,W.C. and Neff,W.E. Analysis of genetically-modified Canola varieties by atmospheric-pressure chemical-ionization mass spectrometric and flame ionization detection. J. Liqu. Chromatogr. Rel. Technol., 14, 2203-2225 (1996).
• Byrdwell,W.C. and Neff,W.E. Qualitative and quantitative analysis of triacylglycerols using atmospheric-pressure chemical ionization mass spectrometry. In: 'New Techniques and Applications in Lipid Analysis', pp. 45-80 (edited by R.E. McDonald and M.M. Mossoba, AOCS Press, Champaign) (1997).
• Byrdwell,W.C. and Neff,W.E. Analysis of hydroxy-containing seed oils using atmospheric pressure chemical ionization mass spectrometry. J. Liqu. Chromatogr. Rel. Technol., 21, 1485-1501 (1998).
• Byrdwell,W.C. and Neff,W.E. Non-volatile products of triolein produced at frying temperatures characterized using liquid chromatography with online mass spectrometric detection. J. Chromatogr. A, 852, 417-432 (1999).
• Byrdwell,W.C. and Neff,W.E. Autoxidation products of normal and genetically modified canola oil varieties determined using liquid chromatography with mass spectrometric detection. J. Chromatogr. A, 905, 85-102 (2001).
• Byrdwell,W.C. and Neff,W.E. Dual parallel electrospray ionization and atmospheric pressure chemical ionization mass spectrometry (MS), MS/MS and MS/MS/MS for the analysis of triacylglycerols and triacylglycerol oxidation products. Rapid Commun. Mass Spectrom., 16, 300-319 (2002).
• Byrdwell,W.C. and Perry,R.H. Liquid chromatography with dual parallel mass spectrometry and P-31 nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy for analysis of sphingomyelin and dihydrosphingomyelin - I. Bovine brain and chicken egg yolk. J. Chromatogr. A, 1133, 149-171 (2006).
• Byrdwell,W.C. and Perry,R.H. Liquid chromatography with dual parallel mass spectrometry and P-31 nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy for analysis of sphingomyelin and dihydrosphingomyelin - II. Bovine milk sphingolipids. J. Chromatogr. A, 1146, 164-185 (2007).
• Byrdwell,W.C., Emken,E.A., Neff,W.E. and Adlof,R.O. Quantitative analysis of triglycerides using atmospheric-pressure chemical-ionization mass spectrometry. Lipids, 31, 919-935 (1996).
• Byrdwell,W.C., Neff,W.E. and List,G.R. Triacylglycerol analysis of potential margarine base stocks by high-performance liquid chromatography with atmospheric pressure chemical ionization mass spectrometry and flame ionization detection. J. Agric. Food Chem., 49, 446-457 (2001).
• Cai,S.S. and Syage,J.A. Atmospheric pressure photoionization mass spectrometry for analysis of fatty acid and acylglycerol lipids. J. Chromatogr. A, 1110, 15-26 (2006).
• Cai,S.S. and Syage,J.A. Comparison of atmospheric pressure photoionization, atmospheric pressure chemical ionization, and electrospray ionization mass spectrometry for analysis of lipids. Anal. Chem., 78, 1191-1199 (2006).
• Cai,S.-S., Short,L.C., Syage,J.A., Potvin,M. and Curtis,J.M. Liquid chromatography-atmospheric pressure photoionization-mass spectrometry analysis of triacylglycerol lipids - Effects of mobile phases on sensitivity. J. Chromatogr. A, 1173, 88-97 (2007).
• Careri,M., Elviri,L. and Mangia,E.A. Liquid chromatography-UV determination and liquid chromatography-atmospheric pressure chemical ionization mass spectrometric characterization of sitosterol and stigmasterol in soybean oil. J. Chromatogr. A, 935, 249-257 (2001).
• Carretero,A.S., Carrasco-Pancorbo,A., Cortacero,S., Gori,A., Cerretani,L. and Fernández-Gutiérrez,A. A simplified method for HPLC-MS analysis of sterols in vegetable oil. Eur. J. Lipid Sci. Technol., 110, 1142-1149 (2008).
• Carrier,A., Parent,J. and Dupuis,S. Quantitation and characterization of phospholipids in pharmaceutical formulations by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. J. Chromatogr. A, 876, 97-109 (2000).
• Couch,L.H., Churchwell,M.I., Doerge,D.R., Tolleson,W.H. and Howard,P.C. Identification of ceramides in human cells using liquid chromatography with detection by atmospheric pressure chemical ionization mass spectrometry. Rapid Commun. Mass Spectrom., 11, 504-512 (1997).
• Cui,P.H., Duke,R.K., Tattam,B.N. and Duke,C.C. Monoepoxy octadecadienoates and monoepoxy octadecatrienoates 2: mass spectral characterization. Chem. Phys. Lipids, 152, 65-70 (2008).
• Cvacka,J., Hovorka,O., Jiros,P., Kindl,J., Stransky,K. and Valterova,I. Analysis of triacylglycerols in fat body of bumblebees by chromatographic methods. J. Chromatogr. A, 1101, 226-237 (2006).
• Cvacka,J., Krafkova,E., Jiros,P. and Valterova,I. Computer-assisted interpretation of atmospheric pressure chemical ionization mass spectra of triacylglycerols. Rapid Commun. Mass Spectrom., 20, 3586-3594 (2006).
• Delobel,A., Roy,S., Touboul,D., Gaudin,K., Germain,D.P., Baillet,A., Brion,F., Prognon,P., Chaminade,P. and Laprevote,O. Atmospheric pressure photoionization coupled to porous graphitic carbon liquid chromatography for the analysis of globotriaosylceramides. Application to Fabry disease. J. Mass Spectrom., 41, 50-58 (2006).
• Delobel,A., Touboul,D. and Laprevote,O. Structural characterization of phosphatidylcholines by atmospheric pressure photoionization mass spectrometry. Eur. J. Mass Spectrom., 11, 409-417 (2005).
• Dobson,G. and Deighton,N. Analysis of phospholipid molecular species by liquid chromatography-atmospheric pressure chemical ionisation mass spectrometry of diacylglycerol nicotinates. Chem. Phys. Lipids, 111, 1-17 (2001).
• Dugo,P., Favoino,O., Tranchida,P.Q., Dugo,G. and Mondello,L. Off-line coupling of non-aqueous reversed-phase and silver ion high-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry for the characterization of rice oil triacylglycerol positional isomers. J. Chromatogr. A, 1041, 135-142 (2004).
• Dugo,P., Kumm,T., Crupi,M.L., Cotroneo,A. and Mondello,L. Comprehensive two-dimensional liquid chromatography combined with mass spectrometric detection in the analyses of triacylglycerols in natural lipidic matrixes. J. Chromatogr. A, 1112, 269-275 (2006).
• Dugo,P., Kumm,T., Fazio,A., Dugo,G. and Mondello,L. Determination of beef tallow in lard through a multidimensional off-line non-aqueous reversed phase-argentation LC method coupled to mass spectrometry. J. Sep. Sci., 29, 567-575 (2006).
• Dugo,P., Kumm,T., Lo Presti,M., Chiofalo,B., Salimei,E., Fazio,A., Cotroneo,A. and Mondello,L. Determination of triacylglycerols in donkey milk by using high performance liquid chromatography coupled with atmospheric pressure chemical ionization mass spectrometry. J. Sep. Sci., 28, 1023-1030 (2005).
• Dugo,P., Kumm,T., Chiofalo,B., Cotroneo,A. and Mondello,L. Separation of triacylglycerols in a complex lipidic matrix by using comprehensive two-dimensional liquid chromatography coupled with atmospheric pressure chemical ionization mass spectrometric detection. J. Sep. Sci., 29, 1146-1154 (2006).
• Escala,M., Rosell-Mele,A. and Masque,P. Rapid screening of glycerol dialkyl glycerol tetraethers in continental Eurasia samples using HPLC/APCI-ion trap mass spectrometry. Organic Geochem., 38, 161-164 (2007).
• Evershed,R.P., Dudd,S.N., Copley,M.S., Berstan,R., Stott,A.W., Mottram,H., Buckley,S.A. and Crossman,Z. Chemistry of archaeological animal fats. Acc. Chem. Res., 35, 660-668 (2002).
• Fang,F., Ho,C.T., Sang,S.M. and Rosen,R.T. Determination of sphingolipids in nuts and seeds by a single quadrupole liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry method. J. Food Lipids, 12, 327-343 (2005).
• Farwanah,H., Wohlrab,J., Neubert,R.H.H. and Raith,K. Profiling of human stratum corneum ceramides by means of normal phase LC/APCI-MS. Anal. Bioanal. Chem., 383, 632-637 (2005).
• Farwanah,H., Pierstorff,B., Schmelzer,C.E.H., Raith,K., Neubert,R.H.H., Kolter,T. and Sandhoff,K. Separation and mass spectrometric characterization of covalently bound skin ceramides using LC/APCI-MS and nano-ESI-MS/MS. J. Chromatogr. B, 852, 562-570 (2007).
• Fauconnot,L., Hau,J., Aeschlimann,J.M., Fay,L.B. and Dionisi,F. Quantitative analysis of triacylglycerol regioisomers in fats and oils using reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography and atmospheric pressure chemical ionization mass spectrometry. Rapid Commun. Mass Spectrom., 18, 218-224 (2004).
• Fer,M., Goulitquer,S., Dreano,Y., Berthou,F., Corcos,L. and Amet,Y. Determination of polyunsatured fatty acid monoepoxides by high performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. J. Chromatogr. A, 1115, 1-7 (2006).
• Fezza,F., Bisogno,T., Minassi,A., Appendino,G., Mechoulam,R. and Di Marzo,V. Noladin ether, a putative novel endocannabinoid: inactivation mechanisms and a sensitive method for its quantification in rat tissues. FEBS Letts, 513, 294-298 (2002).
• Fu,W.C., Gu,X.H., Tao,G.J., Tang,J. and Jiang,Z.L. Structure identification of triacylglycerols in the seed oil of Momordica charantia L. var. abbreviata Ser. J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc., 86, 33-39 (2009).
• Gomez-Ariza,J.L., Arias-Borrego,A. and Garcia-Barrera,T. Use of flow injection atmospheric pressure photoionization quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry for fast olive oil fingerprinting. Rapid Commun. Mass Spectrom., 20, 1181-1186 (2006).
• Gomez-Ariza,J.L., Arias-Borrego,A., Garcia-Barrera,T. and Beltran,R. Comparative study of electrospray and photospray ionization sources coupled to quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometer for olive oil authentication. Talanta, 70, 859-869 (2006).
• Gonthier,M.-P., Hoareau,L., Festy,F., Matias,I., Valenti,M., Bes-Houtmann,S., Rouch,C., Silva,C.R.-D., Chesne,S., d'Hellencourt,C.L.), Cesari,M., Di Marzo,V. and Roche,R. Identification of endocannabinoids and related compounds in human fat cells. Obesity, 15, 837-845 (2007).
• Grynbaum,M.D., Hentschel,P., Putzbach,K., Rehbein,J., Krucker,M., Nicholson,G. and Albert,K. Unambiguous detection of astaxanthin and astaxanthin fatty acid esters in krill (Euphausia superba Dana). J. Sep. Sci., 28, 1685-1693 (2005).
• Gu,Y., Munoz-Garcia,A., Brown,J.C., Ro,J. and Williams,J.B. Cutaneous water loss and sphingolipids covalently bound to corneocytes in the stratum corneum of house sparrows Passer domesticus. J. Exp. Biol., 211, 1690-1695 (2008).
• Hazotte,A., Libong,D., Matoga,A. and Chaminade,P. Comparison of universal detectors for high-temperature micro liquid chromatography. J. Chromatogr. A, 1170, 52-61 (2007).
• Holcapek,M., Jandera,P. and Fischer,J. Analysis of acylglycerols and methyl esters of fatty acids in vegetable oils and in biodiesel. Crit. Rev. Anal. Chem., 31, 53-56 (2001).
• Holcapek,M., Jandera,P., Zderadicka,P. and Hruba,L. Characterization of triacylglycerol and diacylglycerol composition of plant oils using high-performance liquid chromatography-atmospheric pressure chemical ionization mass spectrometry. J. Chromatogr. A, 1010, 195-215 (2003).
• Holcapek,M., Lisa,M., Jandera,P. and Kabatova,N. Quantitation of triacylglycerols in plant oils using HPLC with APCI-MS, evaporative light-scattering, and UV detection. J. Sep. Sci., 28, 1315-1333 (2005).
• Hong,Y.-J., Turowski,M., Lin,J.-T. and Yokoyama,W.H. Simultaneous characterization of bile acid, sterols, and determination of acylglycerides in feces from soluble cellulose-fed hamsters using HPLC with evaporative light-scattering detection and APCI-MS. J. Agric. Food Chem., 55, 9750-9757 (2007).
• Hopmans,E.C., Kienhuis,M.V.M., Rattray,J.E., Jaeschke,A., Schouten,S. and Damste,J.S.S. Improved analysis of ladderane lipids in biomass and sediments using high-performance liquid chromatography/atmospheric pressure chemical ionization tandem mass spectrometry. Rapid Commun. Mass Spectrom., 20, 2099-2103 (2006).
• Hopmans,E.C., Schouten,S., Pancost,R.D., van de rMeer,M.T.J. and Damste,J.S.S. Analysis of intact tetraether lipids in archaeal cell material and sediments by high performance liquid chromatography/atmospheric pressure chemical ionization mass spectrometry. Rapid Commun. Mass Spectrom., 14, 585-589 (2000).
• Hopmans,E.C., Weijers,J.W.H., Schefuss,E., Herfort,L., Damste,S.S. and Schouten,S. A novel proxy for terrestrial organic matter in sediments based on branched and isoprenoid tetraether lipids. Earth Planetary Sci. Letts, 224, 107-116 (2004).
• Huang,S.M., Strangman,N.M. and Walker,J.M. Liquid chromatographic-mass spectrometric measurement of the endogenous cannabinoid 2-arachidonylgiycerol in the spinal cord and peripheral nervous system. Acta Pharm. Sinica, 20, 1098-1102 (1999).
• Huguet,C., Hopmans,E.C., Febo-Ayala,W., Thompson,D.H., Damste,J.S.S. and Schouten,S. An improved method to determine the absolute abundance of glycerol dibiphytanyl glycerol tetraether lipids. Org. Geochem., 37, 1036-1041 (2006).
• Ikeda,M. and Kusaka,T. Liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry of hydroxy and non-hydroxy fatty acids as amide derivatives. J. Chromatogr. B, 575, 197-205 (1992).
• Ismaiel,O.A., Halquist,M.S., Elmamly,M.Y., Shalaby,A. and Karnes,H.T. Monitoring phospholipids for assessment of ion enhancement and ion suppression in ESI and APCI LC/MS/MS for chlorpheniramine in human plasma and the importance of multiple source matrix effect evaluations. J. Chromatogr. B, 875, 333-343 (2008).
• Jakab,A. and Forgacs,E. Characterization of plant oils on a monolithic silica column by high-performance liquid chromatography-atmospheric pressure chemical ionization-mass spectrometry. Chromatographia, 56, S69-S73 (2002).
• Jakab,A., Heberger,K. and Forgacs,E. Comparative analysis of different plant oils by high-performance liquid chromatography-atmospheric pressure chemical ionization mass spectrometry. J. Chromatogr. A, 976, 255-263 (2002).
• Jakab,A., Jablonkai,I. and Forgacs,E. Quantification of the ratio of positional isomer dilinoleoyl-oleoyl glycerols in vegetable oils. Rapid Commun. Mass Spectrom., 17, 2295-2302 (2003).
• Jakab,A., Nagy,K., Heberger,K., Vekey,K. and Forgacs,E. Differentiation of vegetable oils by mass spectrometry combined with statistical analysis. Rapid Commun. Mass Spectrom., 16, 2291-2297 (2002).
• Karlsson,A.A. Analysis of intact polar lipids by high-pressure liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry/tandem mass spectrometry with use of thermospray or atmospheric pressure ionization. In: 'Lipid Analysis in Oils and Fats', pp. 290-316 (edited by R.J. Hamilton, Blackie, London) (1998).
• Karlsson,A.A., Michelsen,P. and Odham,G. Molecular species of sphingomyelin: Determination by high-performance liquid chromatography mass spectrometry with electrospray and high-performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry with atmospheric pressure chemical ionization. J. Mass Spectrom., 33, 1192-1198 (1998).
• Karten,B., Boechzelt,H., Abuja,P.M., Mittelbach,M., Oettl,K. and Sattler,W. Femtomole analysis of 9-oxononanoyl cholesterol by high performance liquid chromatography. J. Lipid Res., 39, 1508-1519 (1998).
• Karuna,R., von Eckardstein,A. and Rentsch,K.M. Dopant assisted-atmospheric pressure photoionization (DA-APPI) liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry for the quantification of 27-hydroxcholesterol in plasma. J. Chromatogr. B, 877, 261-268 (2009).
• Kemmo,S., Ollilainen,V., Lampi,A.-M. and Piironen,V. Determination of stigmasterol and cholesterol oxides using atmospheric pressure chemical ionization liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry. Food Chem., 101, 1438-1445 (2007).
• Kimpe,K., Jacobs,P.A. and Waelkens,M. Analysis of oil used in late Roman oil lamps with different mass spectrometric techniques revealed the presence of predominantly olive oil together with traces of animal fat. J. Chromatogr. A, 937, 87-95 (2001).
• Kimpe,K., Jacobs,P.A. and Waelkens,M. Mass spectrometric methods prove the use of beeswax and ruminant fat in late Roman cooking pots. J. Chromatogr. A, 968, 151-160 (2002).
• Knappy,C.S., Chong,J.P.J. and Keely,B.J. Rapid discrimination of archaeal tetraether lipid cores by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. J. Am. Soc. Mass Spectrom., 20, 51-59 (2009).
• Knodler,M., Kaiser,A., Carle,R. and Schieber,A. Profiling of alk(en)ylresorcinols in cereals by HPLC-DAD-APcI-MSn. Anal. Bioanal. Chem., 391, 221-228 (2008).
• Knoedler,M., Berardini,N., Kammerer,D.R., Carle,R. and Schieber,A. Characterization of major and minor alk(en)ylresorcinols from mango (Mangifera indica L.) peels by high-performance liquid chromatography/atmospheric pressure chemical ionization mass spectrometry. Rapid Commun. Mass Spectrom., 21, 945-951 (2007).
• Koga,D., Santa,T., Fukushima,T., Homma,H. and Imai,K. Liquid chromatographic-atmospheric pressure chemical ionization mass spectrometric determination of anandamide and its analogs in rat brain and peripheral tissues. J. Chromatogr. B, 690, 7-13 (1997).
• Koga,D., Santa,T., Hagiwara,K., Imai,K., Takizawa,H., Nagano,T., Hirobe,M., Ogawa,M., Sato,T., Inoue,K. and Kudo,I. High-performance liquid chromatography and fluorometric detection of arachidonylethanolamide (anandamide) and its analogs, derivatized with 4-(N-chloroformylmethyl-N-methyl)amino-7-N,N-dimethylaminosulphonyl-2,1,3-benzoxadiazole (DBD-COCL). Biomed. Chromatogr., 9, 56-57 (1995).
• Kostiainen,R. and Kauppila,T. Analysis of steroids by liquid chromatography-atmospheric pressure photoionization mass spectrometry. In 'Modern Methods for Lipid Analysis by Liquid Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry and Related Techniques' (Ed. W.C. Byrdwell, AOCS Press, Champaign), pp. 472-487 (2005).
• Kusaka,T. and Ikeda,M. LC-MS of fatty acids including hydroxy and hydroperoxy acids as their 3-methyl-7-methoxy-1,4-benzoxazin-2-one derivatives. J. Chromatogr. A, 639, 165-173 (1993).
• Kusaka,T., Ishihara,S., Sakaida,M., Mifune,A., Nakano,Y., Tsuda,K., Ikeda,M. and Nakano,H. Composition analysis of normal plant triacylglycerols and hydroperoxidized rac-1-stearoyl-2-oleoyl-3-linoleoyl-sn-glycerols by liquid chromatography-atmospheric pressure chemical-ionization mass spectrometry. J. Chromatogr. A, 730, 1-7 (1996).
• Kushi,Y., Rokukawa,C., Numajir,Y., Kato,Y. and Handa,S. Analysis of underivatized glycosphingolipids by HPLC/atmospheric pressure ionization mass spectrometry. Anal. Biochem., 182, 405-410 (1989).
• Laakso,P. Analysis of triacylglycerols: approaching the molecular composition of natural mixtures. Food Rev. Int., 12, 199-250 (1996).
• Laakso,P. Characterization of alpha- and gamma-linolenic acid oils by reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography atmospheric pressure chemical ionization mass spectrometry. J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc., 74, 1291-1300 (1997).
• Laakso,P. and Manninen,P. Identification of milk fat triacylglycerols by capillary supercritical-fluid chromatography-atmospheric pressure-chemical ionization mass spectrometry. Lipids, 32, 1285-1295 (1997).
• Laakso,P. and Manninen,P. Mass spectrometric techniques in the analysis of triacylglycerols. In: 'Spectral Properties of Lipids', pp. 141-190 (edited by R.J. Hamilton & J. Cast, Sheffield Academic Press) (1998).
• Laakso,P. and Voutilainen,P. Analysis of triacylglycerols by silver-ion high-performance liquid chromatography-atmospheric-pressure chemical-ionization mass spectrometry. Lipids, 31, 1311-1322 (1996).
• Latorre,A., Rigol,A., Lacorte,S. and Barcelo,D. Comparison of gas chromatography-mass spectrometry and liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry for the determination of fatty and resin acids in paper mill process waters. J. Chromatogr. A, 991, 205-215 (2003).
• Lee,S.H. and Blair,I.A. Targeted chiral lipidomics analysis by liquid chromatography electron capture atmospheric pressure chemical ionization mass spectrometry (LC-ECAPCI/MS). Methods Enzymol., 433, 159-174 (2007).
• Lee,S.H., Oe,T., Arora,J.S. and Blair,I.A. Analysis of Fe-II-mediated decomposition of a linoleic acid-derived lipid hydroperoxide by liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry. J. Mass Spectrom., 40, 661-668 (2005).
• Lee,S.H., Williams,M.V. and Blair,I.A. Targeted chiral lipidomics analysis. Prostaglandins Other Lipid Mediators, 77, 141-157 (2005).
• Lee,S.H., Williams,M.V., DuBois,R.N. and Blair,I.A. Targeted lipidomics using electron capture atmospheric pressure chemical ionization mass spectrometry. Rapid Commun. Mass Spectrom., 17, 2168-2176 (2003).
• Lembcke,J., Ceglarek,U., Fiedler,G.M., Baumann,S., Leichtle,A. and Thiery,J. Rapid quantification of free and esterified phytosterols in human serum using APPI-LC-MS/MS. J. Lipid Res., 46, 21-26 (2005).
• Lerma-Garcia,M.J., Ramis-Ramos,G., Herrero-Martinez,J.M. and Simo-Alfonso,E.F. Classification of vegetable oils according to their botanical origin using sterol profiles established by direct infusion mass spectrometry Rapid Commun. Mass Spectrom., 22, 973-978 (2008).
• Leskinen,H., Suomela,J.-P. and Kallio,H. Quantification of triacylglycerol regioisomers in oils and fat using different mass spectrometric and liquid chromatographic methods. Rapid Commun. Mass Spectrom., 21, 2361-2373 (2007).
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